electrons - meaning and definition. What is electrons
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What (who) is electrons - definition

ELEMENTARY PARTICLE
Electrons; Beta minus particle; Mass of electron; Electron theory; Electron Mass; Electron lepton; Electron movement; Negative electron; Antipositron; Negaton; Mass of the electron; Electron wave
  • An extended air shower generated by an energetic cosmic ray striking the Earth's atmosphere
  • two identical fermions in a one-dimensional box]], with each horizontal axis corresponding to the position of one particle. If the particles swap position, the wave function inverts its sign.
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  • quantized]] by the number n. An electron dropping to a lower orbit emits a photon equal to the energy difference between the orbits.
  • Here, Bremsstrahlung is produced by an electron ''e'' deflected by the electric field of an atomic nucleus. The energy change ''E''<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;−&nbsp;''E''<sub>1</sub> determines the frequency ''f'' of the emitted photon.
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  • Probability densities for the first few hydrogen atom orbitals, seen in cross-section. The energy level of a bound electron determines the orbital it occupies, and the color reflects the probability of finding the electron at a given position.
  • [[J. J. Thomson]]
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  • Lorentz factor as a function of velocity. It starts at value 1 and goes to infinity as ''v'' approaches ''c''.
  • A particle with charge ''q'' (at left) is moving with velocity ''v'' through a magnetic field ''B'' that is oriented toward the viewer. For an electron, ''q'' is negative so it follows a curved trajectory toward the top.
  • Robert Millikan]]
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  • orbital]], which is a probability distribution rather than an orbit. In the figure, the shading indicates the relative probability to "find" the electron, having the energy corresponding to the given [[quantum number]]s, at that point.
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  • Standard Model of elementary particles. The electron (symbol e) is on the left.
  • A schematic depiction of virtual electron–positron pairs appearing at random near an electron (at lower left)

electron         
(electrons)
An electron is a tiny particle of matter that is smaller than an atom and has a negative electrical charge. (TECHNICAL)
N-COUNT
electron         
<electronics> A sub-atomic particle with a negative quantised charge. A flow of electrical current consists of the unidirectional (on average) movement of many electrons. The more mobile electrons are in a given material, the greater it electrical conductance (or equivalently, the lower its resistance). (1995-10-06)
Electron         
·noun Amber; also, the alloy of gold and silver, called electrum.
II. Electron ·add. ·- One of those particles, having about one thousandth the mass of a hydrogen atom, which are projected from the cathode of a vacuum tube as the cathode rays and from radioactive substances as the beta rays;
- called also corpuscle. The electron carries (or is) a natural unit of negative electricity, equal to 3.4 x 10-10 electrostatic units. It has been detected only when in rapid motion; its mass, which is electromagnetic, is practically constant at the lesser speeds, but increases as the velocity approaches that of light. Electrons are all of one kind, so far as known, and probably are the ultimate constituents of all atoms. An atom from which an electron has been detached has a positive charge and is called a coelectron.

Wikipedia

Electron

The electron (
e
or
β
) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron's mass is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value, expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, ħ. Being fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, per the Pauli exclusion principle. Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibit properties of both particles and waves: They can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a longer de Broglie wavelength for a given energy.

Electrons play an essential role in numerous physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism, chemistry, and thermal conductivity; they also participate in gravitational, electromagnetic, and weak interactions. Since an electron has charge, it has a surrounding electric field; if that electron is moving relative to an observer, the observer will observe it to generate a magnetic field. Electromagnetic fields produced from other sources will affect the motion of an electron according to the Lorentz force law. Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when they are accelerated. Laboratory instruments are capable of trapping individual electrons as well as electron plasma by the use of electromagnetic fields. Special telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space. Electrons are involved in many applications, such as tribology or frictional charging, electrolysis, electrochemistry, battery technologies, electronics, welding, cathode-ray tubes, photoelectricity, photovoltaic solar panels, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors, and particle accelerators.

Interactions involving electrons with other subatomic particles are of interest in fields such as chemistry and nuclear physics. The Coulomb force interaction between the positive protons within atomic nuclei and the negative electrons without allows the composition of the two known as atoms. Ionization or differences in the proportions of negative electrons versus positive nuclei changes the binding energy of an atomic system. The exchange or sharing of the electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonding. In 1838, British natural philosopher Richard Laming first hypothesized the concept of an indivisible quantity of electric charge to explain the chemical properties of atoms. Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney named this charge 'electron' in 1891, and J. J. Thomson and his team of British physicists identified it as a particle in 1897 during the cathode-ray tube experiment. Electrons can also participate in nuclear reactions, such as nucleosynthesis in stars, where they are known as beta particles. Electrons can be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes and in high-energy collisions, for instance, when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere. The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron; it is identical to the electron, except that it carries electrical charge of the opposite sign. When an electron collides with a positron, both particles can be annihilated, producing gamma ray photons.

Examples of use of electrons
1. So the electrons bounce from atom to atom, taking electricity along with them.
2. Light rays hit the molecule head–on, and trigger unnatural movement of its electrons.
3. "Passengers are growing weary of schedules that aren‘t worth the electrons they‘re printed on," Marion C.
4. And you, too, about to punch some pads and send electrons whirling into space.
5. There the electrons strike molecules in the atmosphere, creating the lights.